Make sure you have installed and loaded the tidyverse, infer, and fivethirtyeight packages

Fill in the blanks

Put the command you use in the Rchunks in your Rmd file for this quiz.

Look at the variable definitions in congress_age

library(tidyverse)
library(moderndive)
library(infer) 
library(fivethirtyeight)

install.packages('fivethirtyeightdata',
repos = 'https://fivethirtyeightdata.github.io/drat/', type = 'source')

What is the average age of members that have served in congress?

Set random seed generator to 123

Take a sample of 100 from the dataset congress_age and assign it to congress_age_100

set.seed(123)

congress_age_100 <- congress_age %>%
  rep_sample_n(size=100)

congress_age is the population and congress_age_100 is the sample

18,635 is number of observations in the population and 100 is the number of observations in your sample

Construct the confidence interval

1. Use specify to indicate the variable from congress_age_100 that you are interested in

congress_age_100  %>%
   specify(response = age)

Response: age (numeric)
# A tibble: 100 × 1
     age
   <dbl>
 1  53.1
 2  54.9
 3  65.3
 4  60.1
 5  43.8
 6  57.9
 7  55.3
 8  46  
 9  42.1
10  37  
# … with 90 more rows

2. generate 1000 replicates of your sample of 100

congress_age_100  %>% 
  specify(response = age)  %>% 
  generate(reps = 1000, type= "bootstrap")

Response: age (numeric)
# A tibble: 100,000 × 2
# Groups:   replicate [1,000]
   replicate   age
       <int> <dbl>
 1         1  42.1
 2         1  71.2
 3         1  45.6
 4         1  39.6
 5         1  56.8
 6         1  71.6
 7         1  60.5
 8         1  56.4
 9         1  43.3
10         1  53.1
# … with 99,990 more rows

The output has 100,000 rows

3. calculate the mean for each replicate

Assign to bootstrap_distribution_mean_age

Display bootstrap_distribution_mean_age

bootstrap_distribution_mean_age  <- congress_age_100  %>% 
  specify(response = age)  %>% 
  generate(reps = 1000, type = "bootstrap")  %>% 
  calculate(stat = "mean")

bootstrap_distribution_mean_age

Response: age (numeric)
# A tibble: 1,000 × 2
   replicate  stat
       <int> <dbl>
 1         1  53.6
 2         2  53.2
 3         3  52.8
 4         4  51.5
 5         5  53.0
 6         6  54.2
 7         7  52.0
 8         8  52.8
 9         9  53.8
10        10  52.4
# … with 990 more rows

The bootstrap_distribution_mean_age has 1000 means

4. visualize the bootstrap distribution

visualize(bootstrap_distribution_mean_age)

Calculate the 95% confidence interval using the percentile method

Assign the output to congress_ci_percentile

Display congress_ci_percentile

congress_ci_percentile  <- bootstrap_distribution_mean_age %>% 
  get_confidence_interval(type = "percentile", level = 0.95)

congress_ci_percentile

# A tibble: 1 × 2
  lower_ci upper_ci
     <dbl>    <dbl>
1     51.5     55.2

Calculate the observed point estimate of the mean and assign it to obs_mean_age

Display obs_mean_age,

obs_mean_age  <-  congress_age_100  %>% 
  specify(response = age)  %>% 
  calculate(stat = "mean")  %>% 
  pull()

obs_mean_age

[1] 53.36

Shade the confidence interval

Add a line at the observed mean, obs_mean_age, to your visualization and color it “hotpink”

visualize(bootstrap_distribution_mean_age) +
  shade_confidence_interval(endpoints = congress_ci_percentile) + 
  geom_vline(xintercept = obs_mean_age, color = "hotpink", size = 1 )

Calculate the population mean to see if it is in the 95% confidence interval

Assign the output to pop_mean_age

Display pop_mean_age

pop_mean_age  <- congress_age  %>% 
  summarize(pop_mean= mean(age))  %>% pull()

pop_mean_age

[1] 53.31373

Add a line to the visualization at the, population mean, pop_mean_age, to the plot color it “purple”

visualize(bootstrap_distribution_mean_age) +
  shade_confidence_interval(endpoints = congress_ci_percentile) + 
   geom_vline(xintercept = obs_mean_age, color = "hotpink", size = 1) +
   geom_vline(xintercept = pop_mean_age, color = "purple", size = 3)

Is population mean the 95% confidence interval constructed using the bootstrap distribution? yes

Change set.seed(123) to set.seed(4346). Rerun all the code.

When you change the seed is the population mean in the 95% confidence interval constructed using the bootstrap distribution? no


If you construct 100 95% confidence intervals approximately how many do you expect will contain the population mean? 95

ggsave(filename = "preview.png",
       path = here::here("_posts", "2022-04-26-bootstrapping"))

Bootstrapping